Shinto
Ancient Tradition
Origin: Japan
Year Founded: c. 300 BCE
Followers: Approximately 87.24 million
Major Deities: Kami (spirits or gods), including Amaterasu (sun goddess), Susanoo (storm god), and Inari (god of rice and fertility).
Festivals: Important festivals, known as Matsuri, include the Gion Matsuri (Kyoto), the Kanda Matsuri (Tokyo), and the Aoi Matsuri (Kyoto).
Sacred Texts: Shinto does not have a single sacred text, but important writings include the Kojiki ("Records of Ancient Matters") and the Nihon Shoki ("Chronicles of Japan").
Rituals: Shinto rituals often involve purification, offerings, prayers, and festivals to honor the kami and seek their favor.
Origins and Development
Shinto, also known as "the way of the gods," is the indigenous religion of Japan. It is a polytheistic and animistic faith that emphasizes the worship of kami (spirits or deities) and the connection between people, nature, and the divine. Shinto has no single founder and has evolved over centuries, deeply influencing Japanese culture and society.
Origins and Early Development
Ancient Roots
Shinto's origins can be traced back to prehistoric Japan, where early inhabitants practiced animism and nature worship. These practices were centered around the belief that spirits inhabited natural objects and phenomena, such as mountains, rivers, trees, and animals.
Formation of Shinto
The term "Shinto" emerged during the 6th century CE to distinguish indigenous Japanese beliefs from Buddhism, which was introduced to Japan from China and Korea. Shinto rituals and practices were formalized during this period, and the religion began to take on a more structured form.
Deities and Key Figures
Kami
Kami are the spirits or deities worshiped in Shinto. They can be natural elements, ancestors, or mythological beings. Some of the most important kami include:
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Amaterasu: The sun goddess and one of the most revered deities in Shinto. She is considered the ancestor of the Japanese imperial family.
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Susanoo: The storm god and brother of Amaterasu, known for his tempestuous nature.
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Inari: The kami of rice, fertility, and prosperity, often depicted with foxes as messengers.
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Hachiman: The god of war and protector of Japan.
Key Figures
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Emperor Jimmu: According to legend, the first emperor of Japan and a direct descendant of Amaterasu. His reign marks the beginning of the Japanese imperial lineage.
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Priests and Priestesses: Shinto priests (kannushi) and priestesses (miko) play a crucial role in conducting rituals and maintaining shrines.
Growth and Spread
Integration with Buddhism
During the Nara (710-794 CE) and Heian (794-1185 CE) periods, Shinto and Buddhism coexisted and influenced each other. This syncretism led to the development of Ryobu Shinto, which combined elements of both religions.
Medieval Period
In the medieval period, Shinto continued to evolve, with the establishment of important shrines and the codification of rituals. The Kamakura (1185-1333 CE) and Muromachi (1336-1573 CE) periods saw the rise of new Shinto sects and the integration of Shinto with other religious practices.
Edo Period
During the Edo period (1603-1868 CE), Shinto experienced a revival, with a renewed emphasis on its indigenous roots. The Tokugawa shogunate promoted Shinto as a means of unifying the nation and reinforcing the divine authority of the emperor.
Core Beliefs
Kami
The belief in kami is central to Shinto. Kami are seen as manifestations of the divine in the natural world and are revered for their power and influence over human affairs.
Purity and Pollution
Shinto places great importance on purity and the avoidance of pollution (kegare). Ritual purification (harae) is performed to cleanse individuals and spaces of impurities.
Harmony with Nature
Shinto emphasizes living in harmony with nature and recognizing the sacredness of the natural world. This belief is reflected in the worship of natural elements and the preservation of sacred sites.
Ancestor Worship
Ancestor worship is an integral part of Shinto, with rituals and offerings made to honour deceased family members and ensure their continued protection and guidance.
Rituals and Practices
Shrine Worship
Shinto worship is centered around shrines (jinja), which are dedicated to specific kami. Key elements of shrine worship include:
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Torii Gates: Symbolic gateways that mark the entrance to a sacred space.
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Offerings: Offerings of food, sake, and other items are made to the kami.
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Prayers and Rituals: Prayers, rituals, and ceremonies are conducted by priests and priestesses to honor the kami and seek their blessings.
Festivals (Matsuri)
Shinto festivals, known as matsuri, are held throughout the year to celebrate the kami and ensure their favor. These festivals often involve processions, music, dance, and communal feasting.
Purification Rituals
Purification rituals (harae) are performed to cleanse individuals and spaces of impurities. Common purification practices include washing hands and mouth at shrine entrances and the use of salt and water in rituals.
Cultural Impact
Art and Architecture
Shinto has significantly influenced Japanese art and architecture. Shinto shrines, with their distinctive torii gates, wooden structures, and natural settings, are iconic symbols of Japanese culture. Shinto themes are also prevalent in traditional Japanese painting, sculpture, and literature.
Festivals and Traditions
Shinto festivals and traditions are an integral part of Japanese cultural life. Major festivals, such as New Year's (Shogatsu), the Cherry Blossom Festival (Hanami), and the Gion Festival, are celebrated with great enthusiasm and reflect the deep connection between Shinto and Japanese society.
Influence on Japanese Values
Shinto has shaped many aspects of Japanese values and social norms, including the emphasis on harmony, respect for nature, and the importance of community and family.
Enduring Legacy
Modern Shinto
Today, Shinto remains a vital part of Japanese culture and spirituality. While many Japanese people may not identify as strictly Shinto, they often participate in Shinto rituals and festivals. Shinto practices continue to be observed in daily life, from household rituals to national ceremonies.
Global Influence
Shinto has also gained interest and followers outside of Japan. Its emphasis on nature worship and harmony resonates with contemporary environmental and spiritual movements.
Shinto's origins in ancient Japan and its development over centuries have led to the creation of a rich and enduring religious tradition. From its early animistic roots to its integration with Buddhism and its revival during the Edo period, Shinto has continually evolved while maintaining its core beliefs and practices. Today, Shinto remains a vibrant and influential faith, deeply intertwined with Japanese culture and identity.
Historical Timeline
Divine Figures
Shinto, the indigenous religion of Japan, is known for its belief in a multitude of deities, known as kami. There are said to be eight million kami (八百万の神, yaoyorozu no kami), which is a symbolic number representing the countless deities in Shinto belief. These kami can be found in natural elements like mountains, rivers, trees, and even certain objects and ancestors. While it is impossible to list all the kami, this section will highlight some of the most significant and revered deities in Shinto. Over time, more deities will be added to this list to provide a comprehensive understanding of the rich and diverse pantheon of Shinto kami.
Welcome to Our Shinto Bookshelf!
This bookshelf offers a selection of titles that delve into the beliefs, practices, and history of Shinto. It provides a glimpse into the broader Faith and Thought Library, where a diverse collection of works, from ancient texts to modern perspectives, awaits exploration. Clicking on any title will take you to the main library collection for further discovery.
Resources
Shinto in Europe
Japanese Dutch Shinzen Foundation
The Shinto in Europe website represents the Japanese Dutch Shinzen Foundation, established in 1981. It serves as a hub for promoting Shinto traditions and practices in Europe, offering ceremonies, lectures, and cultural events. The site provides resources in Japanese, English, and Dutch, emphasizing the universal values of Shinto, such as respect for nature and harmony with the environment. It is a valuable platform for those interested in exploring Shinto's cultural and spiritual heritage in a European context.
Wakamiya Inari Shrine
The Wakamiya Inari Shrine, located in Waipahu, Hawaiʻi, is a historic Shinto shrine dedicated to Inari, the kami of harvest and prosperity. It is the last surviving example of Inari Shrine architecture on Oʻahu, characterized by its vibrant red color and traditional design. The shrine represents the cultural and religious heritage of Japanese immigrants in Hawaiʻi and their early roles in agriculture. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, it continues to be a symbol of spiritual and historical significance.
Konkokyo Overseas Organizations
This section highlights the global reach of Konkokyo, detailing its presence in North America, Hawaii, South America, and Korea. It provides information about the Konko Churches of North America (KCNA), Konko Missions in Hawaii (KMH), Konko Churches of South America, and Konkokyo of Korea. Each organization fosters the teachings of Konkokyo, emphasizing harmony, gratitude, and spiritual growth, while adapting to the cultural contexts of their respective regions.
Earth Shinto
Kannagara Inari Salon and Kannagara Chikyu Jinja
The Earth Shinto website represents the Kannagara Inari Salon and Kannagara Chikyu Jinja, located in Kissimmee, Florida. It explores Shinto as a natural spirituality rooted in reverence for divine nature and the interconnectedness of all life. The site provides insights into Shinto rituals, ceremonies, and practices aimed at harmonizing with the life force (KI) and fostering a deep connection with nature. It also offers resources for traditional Shinto rituals, spiritual support, and cultural appreciation.
Shusse Inari Shrine in America
The Shusse Inari Shrine in America is a branch of the historic Shusse Inari Jinja in Matsue, Japan. Dedicated to Uka-no-Mitama-no-Kami, the kami of agriculture, business, and prosperity, the shrine emphasizes gratitude, harmony, and respect for nature. The website provides insights into Shinto practices, ceremonies, and events, fostering a deeper understanding of this traditional Japanese way of life. It also highlights the shrine's mission to promote sustainability and cultural appreciation.
Kamunabi Ban'yū Ko-Shintō Shrine
The Kamunabi Ban'yū Ko-Shintō Shrine, rooted in ancient Shinto traditions, preserves the spiritual essence of Japan's sacred forests, rocks, and trees. Located on private land, it embodies reverence for nature and the divine, offering rituals such as Misogi purification, Shinto lectures, and sacred dance. The shrine's mission is to connect people with the universal spirituality of ancient Shinto, fostering harmony and respect for the natural world.
Izumo Taishakyo Mission of Hawaii
The Izumo Taishakyo Mission of Hawaii, established in 1906, is a Shinto shrine located in Honolulu. It serves as a branch of the historic Izumo Taisha Grand Shrine in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. Dedicated to Ōkuninushi-no-Mikoto, the kami of nation-building and good relationships, the shrine fosters spiritual growth and cultural appreciation. The website provides insights into its history, rituals, and community events, making it a valuable resource for those exploring Shinto traditions and Japanese culture.
Daijingu Temple of Hawaii
The Daijingu Temple of Hawaii, also known as the Honolulu Grand Shrine, is the oldest Shinto shrine on Oahu. Established in 1903, it is dedicated to Amaterasu, the kami of the sun, and other revered deities. The shrine serves as a spiritual and cultural hub, offering traditional ceremonies, blessings, and community events. Its website provides insights into its history, rituals, and the significance of Shinto practices in Hawaii.
Hawaii Kotohira Jinsha
Hawaii Dazaifu Tenmangu
This website represents the Hawaii Kotohira Jinsha - Hawaii Dazaifu Tenmangu, a Shinto shrine established in 1920 in Honolulu. It preserves and perpetuates Shinto traditions in Hawaii while celebrating cultural events that honor the divine and ancestral spirits. The site provides information about the shrine's history, ceremonies, events, and the five additional shrines represented at the same location, making it a valuable resource for those interested in Shinto and Japanese culture.
Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America
The Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America is the first Shinto shrine built on the mainland United States after World War II. Located near Granite Falls, Washington, it serves as a branch of the historic Tsubaki Ōkami Yashiro in Mie Prefecture, Japan. The shrine is dedicated to Sarutahiko-no-Ōkami, the kami of guidance and harmony, and Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto, the kami of joy and arts. The website provides insights into Shinto practices, ceremonies, and the shrine's mission to foster harmony with nature and spiritual renewal.
Misogi Shuho
Ritual Purification
The Misogi Shuho section explores the Shinto practice of purification through water, known as Misogi. This ancient ritual involves cleansing the body, mind, and spirit by immersing oneself in natural water sources such as rivers or waterfalls. The website provides insights into the spiritual significance of Misogi, its connection to Shinto beliefs, and its role in fostering harmony with nature. It also highlights the practices at the Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America, offering a profound glimpse into this transformative tradition.
Shinto Norito
Prayers and Rituals
This page offers insights into Norito, the traditional prayers and invocations used in Shinto rituals. It provides translations, explanations, and examples of these sacred texts, highlighting their significance in connecting worshippers with the kami (deities). The resource is ideal for those seeking to understand the spiritual and cultural depth of Shinto practices.
Izumo Taishakyo Mission of Hawaii
The Izumo Taishakyo Mission of Hawaii, established in 1906, is a Shinto shrine located in Honolulu. It serves as a branch of the historic Izumo Taisha Grand Shrine in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. Dedicated to Ōkuninushi-no-Mikoto, the kami of nation-building and good relationships, the shrine fosters spiritual growth and cultural appreciation. The website provides insights into its history, rituals, and community events, making it a valuable resource for those exploring Shinto traditions and Japanese culture.
Shinto Inari
Shusse Inari Shrine in America
The Shinto Inari website represents the Shusse Inari Shrine in America, a branch of the historic Shusse Inari Jinja in Matsue, Japan. Dedicated to Uka-no-Mitama-no-Kami, the kami of productivity, business, and harvests, the shrine emphasizes gratitude, harmony, and respect for nature. The website provides insights into Shinto practices, ceremonies, and events, fostering a deeper understanding of this traditional Japanese way of life. It also highlights the shrine's mission to promote sustainability and cultural appreciation.
Wikipedia: Konkokyo
A Shinto Sect
Konkokyo, also known as Konkōkyō, is a Shinto sect founded in 1859 by Kawate Bunjirō in Japan. It emphasizes the worship of Tenchi Kane No Kami, the Divine Parent of the Universe, and promotes a harmonious relationship between humanity and the divine. Konkokyo teaches gratitude, mutual support, and the alleviation of human suffering through spiritual growth and understanding. With its inclusive and compassionate philosophy, Konkokyo continues to inspire followers worldwide.
Kyoto International Culture Center
The Kyoto International Culture Center (KIC) is dedicated to fostering intercultural understanding and promoting global harmony through cultural exchange. The website provides resources, programs, and events that celebrate diverse traditions and encourage meaningful connections between people from around the world. It serves as a valuable platform for those seeking to explore and engage with international cultures.
Konko Faith
Living with Sincerity and Gratitude
The Konko Faith website provides a welcoming and supportive environment to explore and deepen your connection with Tenchi Kane No Kami, the Divine Parent of the Universe. It emphasizes harmony, gratitude, and spiritual growth through faith practice, sacred mediation, and community engagement. This resource is ideal for those seeking inner peace and a deeper understanding of Konko's universal teachings.
Konkokyo
A Faith of Universal Connection
The Konkokyo website offers a comprehensive introduction to this unique spiritual tradition, founded in 1859 by Konko Daijin. Rooted in the belief in Tenchi Kane No Kami, the Divine Parent of the Universe, Konkokyo emphasizes harmony, gratitude, and the interconnectedness of all life. The site provides resources on its teachings, practices, and global community, making it an invaluable resource for those exploring this inclusive and compassionate faith.
Nippon.com
Shinto Articles
Nippon.com offers a curated collection of articles exploring Shinto, Japan's indigenous spirituality. These articles delve into the history, practices, and cultural significance of Shinto, providing readers with scholarly insights and engaging narratives. This resource is ideal for anyone seeking to understand the role of Shinto in Japanese society and its enduring influence on culture and traditions.
Jinja Honcho
Association of Shinto Shrines
Jinja Honcho is the central administrative organization for approximately 80,000 Shinto shrines across Japan. Established in 1946, it aims to preserve and promote traditional Shinto rituals, festivals, and cultural values. The organization also supports the education and training of Shinto priests and fosters a deeper understanding of Shinto's spiritual and cultural significance. It serves as a vital resource for anyone interested in exploring Japan's indigenous religion and its role in Japanese society.
Shinto Shrines of Japan Blog Guide
This blog serves as a delightful and informative guide to the Shinto shrines of Japan, offering insights into their history, cultural significance, and unique features. With engaging posts and vivid imagery, it provides readers with a deeper appreciation of Shinto traditions and the sacred spaces that embody Japan's spiritual heritage. Perfect for travelers, history enthusiasts, and anyone curious about Japanese culture.
Kaminomichi
The Way of the Kami
This section of the Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America website explores Kaminomichi, or "The Way of the Kami," offering insights into the life and thought of a Shinto priest. It provides a unique perspective on Shinto practices, philosophy, and the harmonious connection between humanity and nature. This resource is ideal for those seeking to deepen their understanding of Shinto spirituality and its cultural significance.
Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture (NIRC)
The Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture, based at Nanzan University in Nagoya, Japan, is a renowned center for the study of religion, philosophy, and intercultural dialogue. Established in 1976, the Institute fosters global academic collaboration through conferences, workshops, and lectures. It is also home to the Japanese Journal of Religious Studies (JJRS) and other acclaimed publications, making it a valuable resource for scholars and students exploring Japanese religions and intercultural philosophy.
JAANUS
Japanese Architecture and Art Historical Terminology
JAANUS is an extensive online dictionary compiled by Dr. Mary Neighbour Parent, offering definitions of approximately 8,000 terms related to traditional Japanese architecture, gardens, painting, sculpture, and art-historical iconography. Covering periods from the 1st century A.D. to the Edo period (1868), it also includes terms from related fields like lacquer, ceramics, textiles, and metalwork. This resource is invaluable for researchers, students, and enthusiasts seeking to deepen their understanding of Japan's rich cultural heritage.
Wikipedia: Glossary of Shinto
Hosted on Wikipedia, the Glossary of Shinto serves as a concise yet comprehensive resource, offering definitions and explanations of key terms related to Shinto, Japan's indigenous spirituality. This glossary is invaluable for anyone seeking to understand the beliefs, practices, rituals, and historical context of Shinto. With its accessible format and detailed entries, it supports learners and researchers alike in deepening their knowledge of this unique cultural tradition.
Shinto Portal - Kokugakuin University
The Shinto Portal, managed by Kokugakuin University's Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, is a comprehensive resource for exploring Shinto, Japan's traditional religion. It offers a wealth of information, including the Encyclopedia of Shinto, glossaries of terms and names, translated articles, and pictorial guides. This portal is an invaluable tool for anyone interested in understanding Shinto's history, practices, and cultural significance.
Shinto Resources Masterlist
This resource is a comprehensive list of materials compiled by the Shinto community on Reddit. It includes general resources, reading lists, and online sources that cover various aspects of Shinto. The masterlist features links to the Encyclopedia of Shinto, glossaries, academic articles, and recommended books on Shinto practices, mythology, and history. It serves as a valuable reference for both newcomers and long-term practitioners of Shinto, providing easy access to a wealth of information about this ancient Japanese belief system.
Japanese Mythology Worldwide
The Role of Shinto Shrines in Japanese Community Engagement
This resource explores the multifaceted role of Shinto shrines in fostering community engagement in Japan. It delves into the historical background of Shinto shrines, their architectural significance, and the various rituals and festivals that enhance community bonds. The resource highlights how Shinto shrines serve as spiritual centers, cultural hubs, and support networks, promoting social cohesion and cultural identity. It also discusses the educational and cultural activities hosted at shrines, as well as their adaptation to contemporary community needs.
Asia Society: Shinto
This resource provides an in-depth exploration of Shinto, Japan's native belief system that predates historical records. It delves into the practices, attitudes, and institutions that revolve around the Japanese land and seasons, highlighting the reverence for nature and the divine spirits (kami) believed to inhabit natural elements like trees, mountains, and waterfalls. The resource also discusses purification rites, the integration of Shinto with Buddhism, and the cultural significance of Shinto imagery and rituals.
Digital Shinto Communities (DSCs)
This resource explores the emergence and development of Digital Shinto Communities (DSCs), which are transnational networks of Shinto shrines, priests, and lay practitioners supported by digital technology and social media platforms. It delves into the ritual veneration of Shinto deities (kami) and the ways in which these communities engage with traditional practices in a modern, digital context. The resource provides insights into the demographics, activities, and cultural significance of DSCs, highlighting their role in preserving and adapting Shinto traditions in the digital age.