Sikhism

Founder: Guru Nanak

Origin: Punjab Region, India

Founded: late 15th Century

Followers: 25-30 million worldwide, making it the fifth-largest organized religion.

Major Figures: Guru Nanak (founder), followed by nine successive Gurus, with Guru Gobind Singh being the last human Guru. The Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture, is considered the eternal Guru.

Festivals: Important festivals include Vaisakhi (celebrating the formation of the Khalsa), Gurpurabs (celebrating the birthdays of the Gurus), and Diwali (celebrating the release of Guru Hargobind from imprisonment).

Sacred Texts: The Guru Granth Sahib is the central religious scripture of Sikhism, containing the teachings of the Gurus and other saints.

Rituals: Sikh rituals include daily prayers, meditation on God's name, community service (seva), and the practice of the Five Ks (Kesh, Kara, Kanga, Kachera, and Kirpan).

Origins and Development

Sikhism is a monotheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of India in the 15th century. It was founded by Guru Nanak and has grown into a global faith with over 25 million followers. Sikhism emphasizes devotion to one God, equality, social justice, and community service.

Origins and Founder

Guru Nanak (1469-1539)

Birth and Early Life: Guru Nanak was born in 1469 in Talwandi (now Nankana Sahib, Pakistan). From a young age, he showed a deep interest in spirituality and questioned the rituals and practices of the religions around him.
Revelation: At the age of 30, Guru Nanak had a profound spiritual experience, which led him to proclaim that there is no Hindu or Muslim, but only one God. He began his mission to spread the message of unity and devotion to one God.
Teachings: Guru Nanak traveled extensively, spreading his teachings of love, equality, and devotion. He emphasized the importance of honest living, sharing with others, and remembering God.

Deities and Key Figures

The Ten Gurus

Sikhism was shaped by the teachings of ten successive Gurus, each of whom contributed to the development of the faith:

Guru Nanak: The founder of Sikhism.
Guru Angad: Developed the Gurmukhi script for writing Punjabi.
Guru Amar Das: Established the practice of Langar (community kitchen).
Guru Ram Das: Founded the city of Amritsar.
Guru Arjan: Compiled the Adi Granth, the holy scripture, and built the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple).
Guru Hargobind: Introduced the concept of Miri-Piri (temporal and spiritual authority).
Guru Har Rai: Emphasized the importance of compassion and service.
Guru Har Krishan: Known for his healing abilities and compassion.
Guru Tegh Bahadur: Martyred for defending religious freedom.
Guru Gobind Singh: Founded the Khalsa, a community of initiated Sikhs, and declared the Guru Granth Sahib as the eternal Guru.

Guru Granth Sahib

The Guru Granth Sahib is the central religious scripture of Sikhism, compiled by Guru Arjan and later expanded by Guru Gobind Singh. It contains hymns and writings of the Sikh Gurus and other saints, emphasizing devotion to God and ethical living.

Growth and Spread

Early Expansion

Sikhism initially spread through the efforts of the Gurus and their followers. The establishment of the city of Amritsar and the construction of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) became central to Sikh religious life.

The Khalsa

In 1699, Guru Gobind Singh founded the Khalsa, a community of initiated Sikhs committed to upholding Sikh values and defending the faith. The Khalsa played a crucial role in the growth and consolidation of Sikhism.

Mughal Persecution

Sikhs faced persecution under the Mughal Empire, particularly during the reign of Emperor Aurangzeb. The martyrdom of Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur highlighted the Sikhs' commitment to religious freedom and justice.

Sikh Empire

In the early 19th century, Maharaja Ranjit Singh established the Sikh Empire in Punjab, which provided a period of relative stability and growth for the Sikh community.

Core Beliefs

Monotheism

Sikhism teaches the belief in one God, who is formless, eternal, and all-pervading. This belief is encapsulated in the Mool Mantar, the opening verse of the Guru Granth Sahib.

Equality

Sikhism emphasizes the equality of all human beings, regardless of caste, creed, gender, or race. This principle is reflected in the practice of Langar, where people of all backgrounds share a meal together.

Service (Seva)

Selfless service to others is a fundamental aspect of Sikh practice. Sikhs are encouraged to engage in acts of charity and community service.

Honest Living

Sikhs are taught to earn an honest living through hard work and to share their earnings with those in need.

Rituals and Practices

Daily Prayers

Sikhs perform daily prayers (Nitnem) that include recitations from the Guru Granth Sahib. Key prayers include Japji Sahib, Rehras Sahib, and Kirtan Sohila.

Gurdwara Worship

Sikhs gather in Gurdwaras (Sikh temples) for communal worship, which includes singing hymns (Kirtan), reading from the Guru Granth Sahib, and sharing a communal meal (Langar).

Amrit Ceremony

The Amrit ceremony is the initiation rite for joining the Khalsa. Initiates drink Amrit (sugar water stirred with a double-edged sword) and commit to following the Sikh code of conduct.

Five Ks

Initiated Sikhs (Khalsa) are required to wear the Five Ks as symbols of their faith:

Kesh: Uncut hair.
Kangha: A wooden comb.
Kara: A steel bracelet.
Kachera: Cotton undergarments.
Kirpan: A ceremonial sword.

Cultural Impact

Art and Architecture

Sikhism has influenced Indian art and architecture, with notable examples including the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) and various Gurdwaras across the world.

Music and Literature

Sikh devotional music (Kirtan) and the writings of the Gurus have enriched Indian literature and music. The Guru Granth Sahib is a literary masterpiece that includes hymns and poetry.

Social and Political Influence

Sikhism's emphasis on equality and justice has inspired social and political movements. The Sikh community has played a significant role in advocating for human rights and social justice.

Enduring Legacy

Global Presence

Today, Sikhism has a global presence, with large communities in India, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and other countries. Sikh temples and cultural organizations play a vital role in preserving and promoting Sikh traditions and values.

Modern Movements

Modern Sikhism includes various movements and interpretations, such as the Akhand Kirtani Jatha and the Namdhari movement, which emphasize different aspects of Sikh practice and philosophy.

Sikhism's origins in the Punjab region and the teachings of Guru Nanak and the successive Gurus have led to the development of a rich and enduring religious tradition. From the early spread of Sikhism across India to its modern global presence, Sikhism has continually evolved while maintaining its core beliefs and practices. Today, Sikhism remains a vibrant and influential faith, guiding the lives of millions of people worldwide.

Historical Timeline

Divine Figure

In Sikhism, Waheguru is the supreme, all-encompassing deity who is the creator and sustainer of the universe. The name "Waheguru" translates to "Wonderful Teacher" and reflects the awe and reverence Sikhs have for this divine presence. Waheguru is considered to be beyond human comprehension, without form, and eternal. Sikhs believe that Waheguru is present in all aspects of life and can be experienced through devotion, meditation, and righteous living. The teachings of the Sikh Gurus, compiled in the Guru Granth Sahib, emphasize the importance of remembering and connecting with Waheguru in daily life. This section aims to provide a deeper understanding of Waheguru's significance in Sikhism and the ways in which Sikhs honor and worship this divine presence.

Waheguru

The Wonderful Lord, The Supreme Being, The Creator

Welcome to Our Sikhism Bookshelf!

This bookshelf offers a selection of titles that delve into the beliefs, practices, and history of Sikhism. It provides a glimpse into the broader Faith and Thought Library, where a diverse collection of works, from ancient texts to modern perspectives, awaits exploration. Clicking on any title will take you to the main library collection for further discovery.

Rehat Maryada

The "Rehat Maryada" is the official Sikh Code of Conduct and Conventions, providing detailed guidelines on the daily practices, ethical behavior, and spiritual discipline expected of Sikhs. Compiled by various Sikh scholars and contemporaries of Guru Gobind Singh Ji during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, these texts emphasize the importance of maintaining the five Ks (Kesh, Kangha, Kara, Kachera, and Kirpan), the significance of Amrit (baptism), the conduct of religious ceremonies, and the principles of living a righteous life.

The Rehat Maryada covers a wide range of topics, including the importance of devotion to God, community service, and adherence to the teachings of the Sikh Gurus. It has played a crucial role in shaping the Sikh identity and ensuring the uniformity of religious practices within the Sikh community. The document was preceded by the Gurdwaras Act of 1925, which laid down the definition of a Sikh, and the current version was produced in 1950 based on the work of Sikh scholars.

For those unfamiliar with the Rehat Maryada, these texts offer a profound insight into the spiritual and ethical teachings of Sikhism. They highlight the importance of living a disciplined and virtuous life, while also engaging in the world with compassion and integrity.

Rehatnamas

The "Rehatnamas" are a collection of Sikh texts that outline the code of conduct and conventions for Sikhs, known as the Rehat Maryada. These texts were written by various Sikh scholars and contemporaries of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the tenth Sikh Guru, during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The Rehatnamas provide detailed guidelines on the daily practices, ethical behavior, and spiritual discipline expected of Sikhs.

The Rehatnamas cover a wide range of topics, including the importance of maintaining the five Ks (Kesh, Kangha, Kara, Kachera, and Kirpan), the significance of Amrit (baptism), the conduct of religious ceremonies, and the principles of living a righteous life. These texts emphasize the importance of devotion to God, community service, and adherence to the teachings of the Sikh Gurus.

The Rehatnamas have played a crucial role in shaping the Sikh identity and ensuring the uniformity of religious practices within the Sikh community. They serve as a source of inspiration and guidance for Sikhs around the world, helping them to live in accordance with the principles of Sikhism.

For those unfamiliar with the Rehatnamas, these texts offer a profound insight into the spiritual and ethical teachings of Sikhism. They highlight the importance of living a disciplined and virtuous life, while also engaging in the world with compassion and integrity.

Vaaran Bhai Gurdas

"Vaaran Bhai Gurdas" is a revered collection of 40 vars (ballads) composed by Bhai Gurdas, a prominent Sikh scholar and the first scribe of the Guru Granth Sahib. Written in the late 16th century, these compositions are considered a significant part of Punjabi classic literature and hold a special place in Sikh tradition. Bhai Gurdas was a first cousin of Mata Bhani, the mother of Guru Arjan Dev, and his works reflect his deep understanding of Sikh theology, ethics, and philosophy.

The Vaaran Bhai Gurdas provide detailed commentary and explanations of Sikh beliefs as outlined by the Gurus. They cover various aspects of Sikhism, including the concepts of sangat (community), haumai (ego), Gurmukh (God-oriented person), Manmukh (self-centered person), Sat (truth), and Naam (divine name). Bhai Gurdas's writings are known for their clarity and simplicity, making complex theological ideas accessible to a wide audience.

These ballads not only explain the teachings of the Sikh Gurus but also represent the best of Punjabi literature, language, and culture. The Vaaran Bhai Gurdas are often recited during religious ceremonies and daily prayers, serving as a source of inspiration and guidance for Sikhs around the world.

For those unfamiliar with the Vaaran Bhai Gurdas, this text offers a profound insight into the spiritual and ethical teachings of Sikhism. It emphasizes the importance of living a life of truth, humility, and devotion, while also engaging in the world with compassion and integrity.

Guru Granth Sahib

The "Guru Granth Sahib" is the central religious scripture of Sikhism, revered as the eternal Guru by Sikhs worldwide. Compiled by the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji, in 1604 CE, this sacred text is a collection of nearly 6,000 hymns composed by the Sikh Gurus and various early and medieval saints from different religions and castes. The hymns are written in multiple languages, including Punjabi, Hindi, Marathi, Persian, and Arabic, reflecting the diverse cultural and spiritual heritage of the region.

The Guru Granth Sahib is not only a religious text but also a historical document that provides insights into the social and religious conditions of India during the early and late medieval periods. It emphasizes the union of the human soul with its Maker, achieved through high ethical standards and the renunciation of egoism, while still engaging in worldly activities. The text opens with the Mul Mantra ("Basic Prayer"), a declaration of the nature of God as Truth, followed by the Japji ("Recital"), the most important Sikh scripture written by Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism.

The Guru Granth Sahib is the central object of worship in all gurdwaras (Sikh temples). It is ritually opened in the morning and wrapped up and put away for the night. On special occasions, continuous readings of the scripture are held, which can last from 2 to 15 days. The text's profound spiritual teachings and ethical guidelines have shaped the faith and practice of millions of Sikhs around the world.

For those unfamiliar with the Guru Granth Sahib, this text offers a deep dive into the spiritual and ethical teachings of Sikhism. It serves as a source of guidance, inspiration, and comfort, emphasizing the importance of living a life of truth, compassion, and humility.

Dasam Granth

<p class="font_7">The "Dasam Granth," also known as "Dasven Padshah Ka Granth" (Book of the Tenth Emperor), is a revered scripture in Sikhism, attributed to the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh Ji. This sacred text is a collection of various poetic compositions, hymns, and philosophical writings that reflect the spiritual and martial ethos of Sikhism. The Dasam Granth is written primarily in Braj Bhasha, with influences of Punjabi, Hindi, Persian, and other languages, showcasing the rich linguistic diversity of the time. The Dasam Granth includes notable compositions such as Jaap Sahib, Akal Ustat, Bachitar Natak, Chandi Charitar, and Zafarnama. These texts cover a wide range of themes, including the praise of the divine, the valor of warriors, and the principles of righteousness and justice. The scripture also contains autobiographical elements, letters to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, and retellings of ancient Hindu myths and legends. The Dasam Granth holds a significant place in Sikh tradition and is often recited during religious ceremonies and daily prayers. It provides profound insights into the teachings and vision of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, emphasizing the importance of courage, devotion, and moral integrity. For those unfamiliar with the Dasam Granth, this text offers a deep dive into the spiritual and ethical teachings of Sikhism, highlighting the Guru's role in shaping the Sikh identity and guiding the community through challenging times.</p>

Janamsakhis: Ageless Stories, Timeless Values

"Janamsakhis: Ageless Stories, Timeless Values" is a captivating collection of stories that chronicle the life and teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the founder of Sikhism. Compiled and translated by Harish Dhillon, this book brings together twenty of the most inspiring and interesting stories about Guru Nanak, making his life and message accessible to contemporary readers.

The Janamsakhis, as the name suggests, are stories that claim to reveal the life of Guru Nanak in a chronological manner. The earliest known Janamsakhi dates back to 1658, nearly 120 years after the death of Guru Nanak in 1539. Over the years, each chronicler of the Guru's life has added and altered the narrative according to the needs of the times. In this volume, Harish Dhillon has chosen stories that not only enlighten but also inform, focusing on the Guru's teachings and the various travels (udasis) he undertook to spread the message of brotherhood, equality, and love.

This book is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in religious studies, Indian history, or simply learning more about the life of Guru Nanak. Through contemporary language and a venerable narrative tone, "Janamsakhis: Ageless Stories, Timeless Values" offers readers a profound insight into the spiritual and ethical teachings of Sikhism.

Adi Granth (The Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs)

The "Adi Granth," also known as the "Guru Granth Sahib," is the central religious scripture of Sikhism, a faith that originated in India. Compiled by the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji, in 1604 CE, this sacred text is a collection of nearly 6,000 hymns composed by the Sikh Gurus and various early and medieval saints from different religions and castes. The hymns are written in multiple languages, including Punjabi, Hindi, Marathi, Persian, and Arabic, reflecting the diverse cultural and spiritual heritage of the region.
The Adi Granth is revered as the eternal Guru of the Sikhs and is the central object of worship in all gurdwaras (Sikh temples). It is ritually opened in the morning and wrapped up and put away for the night. On special occasions, continuous readings of the scripture are held, which can last from 2 to 15 days. The text opens with the Mul Mantra ("Basic Prayer"), a declaration of the nature of God as Truth, followed by the Japji ("Recital"), the most important Sikh scripture written by Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism.
The English translation by Dr. Ernest Trumpp, first published in 1970 and reprinted in 2018, makes this profound spiritual work accessible to a global audience. The translation includes introductory essays that provide valuable context and insights into the life of the Sikh Gurus, the composition of the Granth, and the linguistic and metrical aspects of the hymns.
For those unfamiliar with the Adi Granth, this text offers a deep dive into the spiritual and ethical teachings of Sikhism. It emphasizes the union of the human soul with its Maker, achieved through high ethical standards and the renunciation of egoism, while still engaging in worldly activities. The Adi Granth is not only a religious text but also a historical document that provides insights into the social and religious conditions of India during the early and late medieval periods.

Sikhism Bookshelf

Faith and Thought Library

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Resources

SriGranth

An extensive online resource dedicated to the study and exploration of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, the central religious scripture of Sikhism. The platform offers a powerful search engine that allows users to search through the entire text of the Guru Granth Sahib in multiple languages, including English, Gurmukhi, and Devanagari. It also provides access to the Dasam Granth, Bhai Gurdas Vaar, and other significant Sikh texts. With features like advanced search capabilities, Gurbani downloads, and a user-friendly interface, SriGranth is an invaluable tool for anyone looking to deepen their understanding of Sikh teachings and scriptures.

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Sikhs.org

Accomprehensive resource dedicated to educating people about Sikhism, the progressive religion founded over 500 years ago. The site provides detailed information on the beliefs, practices, and history of Sikhism, emphasizing devotion to God, truthful living, and equality of mankind. It includes a complete English translation of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh holy scripture, and offers insights into the teachings of the ten Sikh Gurus. Sikhs.orgserves as a valuable reference for both Sikhs and non-Sikhs alike, promoting understanding and appreciation of this vibrant faith.

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Sikh Museum

The Sikh Museum is dedicated to preserving and showcasing the rich history, culture, and heritage of the Sikh community. The museum offers a wide range of exhibits, including artifacts, photographs, and documents that highlight the contributions and experiences of Sikhs throughout history. Visitors can explore the lives and teachings of the Sikh Gurus, the Sikh Empire, and the role of Sikhs in various global events. The museum also provides educational resources and programs to promote understanding and appreciation of Sikhism.

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The Sikh Foundation International

Established in 1967 by Dr. Narinder S. Kapany, is dedicated to promoting the heritage and future of Sikhism. This non-profit organization focuses on passing on the essence of Sikh heritage to the growing Sikh diaspora, particularly the youth. The foundation works to introduce the progressive ethics, lyrical mysticism, and heroism of the Sikhs to the world. It also contributes a Sikh perspective to issues of common human concern and generates high-quality resources for the academic and artistic study of Sikhism. The Sikh Foundation fosters Sikh culture across various disciplines through critical and creative thinking.

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SikhNet

SikhNet is a non-profit organization dedicated to sharing the Sikh experience and providing valuable resources about Sikhism and Sikh culture. The platform offers a wide range of content, including daily Hukamnama, Gurbani, news, stories, and educational materials. SikhNet also features live streaming of Kirtan from Gurdwaras around the world, making it a comprehensive resource for anyone interested in learning about and connecting with the Sikh community.

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SikhiToTheMax

An online platform dedicated to providing access to Sikh scriptures and resources. It offers a comprehensive Gurbani search tool, allowing users to search through the Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, Sri Dasam Granth Sahib, Bhai Gurdas Vaar, and other important Sikh texts. The platform also features tools like Sundar Gutka, Rehat Maryada, and Sangat Sync, making it easier for users to engage with and understand Sikh teachings. SikhiToTheMax is an invaluable resource for anyone looking to deepen their knowledge of Sikhism and connect with the Sikh community.

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Sikh Coalition

The Sikh Coalition offers a comprehensive collection of resources aimed at educating and empowering the Sikh community and the broader public. Their resources include community guides, educational materials for classrooms, legal rights information, and reports on various issues affecting Sikhs. These materials are designed to promote understanding, prevent discrimination, and support the Sikh community in navigating challenges related to hate crimes, employment discrimination, and more.

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SikhRI

Explore SikhRI's extensive collection of resources to deepen your understanding of Sikhism. This platform offers a variety of materials, including articles, books, podcasts, videos, and reports, covering topics such as the Sikh Code of Conduct, historical events, and contemporary issues. Whether you're a student, researcher, or simply curious about Sikhism, SikhRI provides valuable insights and educational tools to enhance your spiritual journey.

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SearchGurbani

A comprehensive online resource dedicated to exploring and experiencing the sacred scriptures of Sikhism. The website offers access to the Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, Amrit Keertan Gutka, Bhai Gurdaas Vaaran, Kabit Bhai Gurdaas, Bhai Nand Lal Baani, and Sri Dasam Granth Sahib. Users can search for keywords, explore scriptures page by page, and listen to audio recitations. The platform aims to make the teachings of Sikhism accessible to a global audience, providing valuable insights into the spiritual and cultural heritage of the Sikh faith.

Explore: SearchGurbani

Sikhism

Origins and Development

Origins and Founder

Deities and Key Figures

Growth and Spread

Core Beliefs

Rituals and Practices

Cultural Impact

Enduring Legacy

Historical Timeline

Divine Figure

Welcome to Our Sikhism Bookshelf!

Faith and Thought Library

Resources

SriGranth

Sikhs.org

Sikh Museum

The Sikh Foundation International

SikhNet

SikhiToTheMax

Sikh Coalition

SikhRI

SearchGurbani

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